50
A. Ordóñez, A. Enriquez, and J. Solano,
“A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador”,
Latin-American Journal of Computing (LAJC), vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
A web-based tool for the
sizing of grid-connected
photovoltaic (PV)
systems in Ecuador
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 5 September 2024
Accepted 28 October 2024
Ángel Ordóñez
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
angel.j.ordonez@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0003-3982-9759
Andrea Enriquez
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
andrea.enriquez@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0009-0007-9056-3913
Juan Carlos Solano
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
juan.solano@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0002-8103-5429
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
51
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected
photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador
Ángel Ordóñez
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
angel.j.ordonez@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0003-3982-9759
Andrea Enriquez
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
andrea.enriquez@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0009-0007-9056-3913
Juan Carlos Solano
Facultad de la Energía
Universidad Nacional de Loja
Loja, Ecuador
juan.solano@unl.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0002-8103-5429
Abstract—The transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy
sources involves the use of solar photovoltaic energy. This energy
source has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
dependence on fossil fuels. The research project focused on the
development of a web-based tool for sizing photovoltaic systems in
Ecuador. This tool considers several factors, including technical,
theoretical, economic and environmental aspects. The tool allows
sizing based on electricity consumption and power requirements.
Furthermore, the tool provides technical information, CO
2
reduction
data and economic perspectives based on the operation of the
electricity system in Ecuador. The comparative validation with
installed systems and similar web tools demonstrated the reliability
and robustness of the developed tool.
Keywords— photovoltaic systems, self-consumption, renewable
energy, photovoltaic production
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar photovoltaics is currently the fastest growing
generation technology in terms of capacity expansion and has
become one of the main sources of power generation [1]. In
Latin America, the increase in electricity demand has
highlighted the importance of solar PV as a crucial element to
foster economic development and social welfare [2]. In
Ecuador, despite the remarkable growth of renewable energies
in recent years, a high dependence on fossil fuels persists,
especially in sectors such as transport and industry [3]. The
expansion of renewable energy sources, such as solar
photovoltaics, has emerged as a pivotal strategy to mitigate the
high costs and emissions associated with conventional energy
sources, thereby facilitating the transition towards a more
sustainable energy system [4].
Considering the aforementioned circumstances, there is a
pressing need for the development of specialized analytical
and dimensional tools for the analysis and assessment of
photovoltaic systems, with particular emphasis on self-
consumption modalities. In this context, we propose the
development of a web tool to assess the technical and
economic feasibility of implementing grid-connected
photovoltaic systems in Ecuador. The objective is to provide
significant support in decision-making in this area.
A. Conventional and renewable energies
Renewable energy is obtained from natural sources that
are virtually inexhaustible and plays a crucial role in meeting
global energy demand while preserving the environment [5].
Renewable energies, including solar, wind, water and
biomass, do not generate greenhouse gas emissions during
their operation, making them a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative. These energies are
essential for the transition towards a cleaner and more
sustainable energy system. In this context, grid-connected
photovoltaic systems (GRPS) for self-consumption represent
an important innovation in the use of renewable sources.
SFCRs generate electricity that can be fed into the grid. Their
main components include photovoltaic modules, an inverter
for grid connection, a grid exchange device and a bi-
directional energy meter. The grid acts as an accumulator with
indefinite capacity, and the user connected to this grid
represents the load. The security of SFCRs is enhanced
compared to standalone systems, as they can continue to
operate in the event of a battery system failure, provided that
a connection to the grid is available [6]. In the PV distribution
mechanism, some countries have opted to give benefits to the
system owner for the energy fed into the grid [7].
B. The impact of solar radiation on the performance of
solar panels in Ecuador
Ecuador benefits from considerable solar radiation,
reaching a Global Horizontal Irradiation of 2,264 kWh/m
2
(kilowatt hour per square meter) in the highland [8]. This
makes it one of the countries with high solar energy potential.
However, there are variations in radiation levels, with levels
ranging between 30 % and 40 % across different regions due
to atmospheric conditions [9]. The country has a solar energy
potential that covers approximately 9.3 % of its national
territory, with around 805 square kilometers suitable for
photovoltaic systems. This translates to a gross theoretical
potential of 35.7 GWp and an annual production of
approximately 61.5 GWh [10].
In terms of energy policy, Ecuador is promoting the
adoption of photovoltaic systems due to their advantages, in
line with the Electrification Master Plan 2019-2027. In 2022,
approximately 61.21 % of the total nominal capacity of
electricity generation will come from renewable sources, with
solar PV contributing a total of 27.76 MW, representing 0.53
% of the total energy supply generated by PV systems. These
systems have been installed in several Ecuadorian provinces
such as Cotopaxi, El Oro, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura,
Loja, Manabí, Morona Santiago, Pastaza and Pichincha [11].
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
52
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
A. Ordóñez, A. Enriquez, and J. Solano,
“A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador”,
Latin-American Journal of Computing (LAJC), vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
C. Standards and regulations
In Ecuador, the implementation of photovoltaic systems is
governed by various regulations that promote the sustainable
use of solar energy and ensure technical safety. Regulation
ARCONEL 003/18 allows for PV micro-generation of up to
100 kW in residential and commercial buildings, with the
possibility of feeding excess power into the grid [12].
ARCONEL 057/18 extends these conditions to systems of up
to 300 kW for residential buildings and up to 1,000 kW for
commercial and industrial buildings, encouraging the uptake
of PV [13]. The 2019 Organic Law on Energy Efficiency
establishes a legal framework for the efficient and sustainable
use of energy, contributing to the fight against climate change
and improving the quality of life. Regulation ARCERNNR-
001/2021 authorizes distributed generation systems with
renewable energy sources up to 1 MW and introduces "net
metering" to balance energy supplied and surplus. Regulation
ARCERNNR-004/23 of 2023 establishes guidelines for the
installation of photovoltaic micro-generation systems and
mandates the implementation of metering and customer care
systems, promoting sustainable projects to meet the growing
demand for electricity [14].
D. Electricity costs in Ecuador
An analysis of the customer's electricity consumption was
carried out, covering daily, monthly and annual consumption.
This study is crucial to determine the average consumption in
kWh on a bimonthly and annual basis and is essential to
calculate the number of solar panels and inverters required
for the PV system. To calculate a household's daily
consumption, the consumption of each appliance is broken
down according to its average hours of use [15].
The calculation of the average monthly electricity
consumption typically involves the aggregation of the
electricity consumption data recorded during a particular
month. The calculation of the average monthly consumption
is calculated using Equation 1 [15].
(1)
Where:
: Average monthly consumption;
: Average daily consumption.
Furthermore, total annual consumption refers to the total
amount of a resource or service utilized over the course of a
specific year. This can be calculated using Equation 2 [16].
(2)
Where:
: Total average annual consumption;
: Monthly average consumption.
The cost of the public electricity service in Ecuador is
regulated by the Electricity Regulation and Control Agency
(ARCERNNR, by its Spanish acronym of Agencia de
Regulación y Control de Energía y Recursos Naturales no
Renovables), which establishes principles of solidarity and
equity in the allocation of costs. Annual tariff parameters
detail the costs of all stages of electricity supply, from
generation to marketing [17]. In the residential category,
billing costs focus on domestic use, considering consumption
in kWh and a marketing charge. In the commercial category,
the cost varies according to the amount of electricity used,
with an additional marketing value. For medium voltage
connections, the price is USD 0.095/kWh and USD 1.414 for
marketing. In the industrial category, companies pay USD
0.083/kWh for energy and USD 1.414 for marketing [11].
II. M
ETHODOLOGY
A methodology combining data collection based on the
scientific method with deductive and analytical approaches
was employed for the dimensioning (sizing) of solar
photovoltaic systems. The analysis of the information enabled
the definition of project objectives and the steps to be
followed. Algorithms were developed to facilitate the
visualization of dimensioning processes, which are illustrated
in flow charts detailing the necessary calculations. Figure 1
shows the steps for programming the dimensioning page
according to consumption, beginning with the selection of the
connection type to obtain the corresponding tariffs.
Additionally, an option is provided to calculate consumption
based on appliances if consumption data is not available.
Fig. 1. Flow chart for the calculation of system performance
To calculate savings and returns, we used the diagram in
Fig. 2, which shows how the system works. The sizing page is
programmed according to the system power.
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
53
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
Fig. 2. Flow chart for the calculation of system savings and returns
The scientific method was used to ensure the validity and
reliability of the data, allowing a thorough interpretation of the
results. Relevant information was collected for the project,
such as monthly averages of solar irradiation in Ecuador's 24
provinces, local electricity tariffs and the power ratings of
household appliances. Solar radiation data was obtained from
the Global Solar Atlas [18], which is essential for accurate
analysis in project sizing.
Equally important, data on electricity tariffs and operating
companies in Ecuador was obtained from the 2022 tariff
schedule. Monthly irradiation data was collected for the 24
provinces of Ecuador for the sizing of the PV systems. This
data was then used to determine the annual global radiation,
enabling the calculation of the annual average Global
Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) for each province. This process
was conducted using Equation 3.
(3)
Where:
: Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI);
: Monthly average irradiance;
: Effective irradiance;
ǣሺሻǤ
To calculate the Global Horizontal Irradiance, it is first
necessary to determine the mean annual irradiance on a
sloping surface. This is related to the optimum angle of slope
and to the annual irradiance in the horizontal plane. The
optimum angle of slope, denoted as β
opt in degrees, can be
found using Equation 4 [7].
=
(4)
In the second step, the effective irradiance was calculated
using regressions that consider angular losses and annual
soiling losses for static systems. The following Equation 5
proposes this calculation ሾሿ.
(5)
Where:
g1, g2, and g3 are values of the coefficients for the case of a module
with average soiling.
In the third step, the optimal tilt angle of the solar panel,
which varies according to the specific geographical location,
was calculated. This value can be determined using Equation
6 [19].
(6)
Where:
Optimum tilt angle;
Latitude.
The average global horizontal radiation is obtained using
Equation 7 [20]:
(7)
Where:
Horizontal global radiation kWh/ m²;
Direct radiation kWh/ m²;
Diffuse radiation kWh/ m²;
Zenith angle.
Direct radiation can be calculated by [21] and diffuse
radiation by applying the formula used in [22].
The calculation of the zenith angle is of paramount
importance for the accurate determination of global radiation,
particularly in contexts pertaining to solar energy. This angle
is defined by Equation 8 [23].
(8)
Where:
: Declination angle;
: Hour angle.
To calculate the solar declination, the equation relating it
to the zenith angle is used. A specific day, in this case, day
183, corresponding to July 2 2022, is chosen to calculate this
parameter using Equation 9.
(9)
The data obtained for each of the provinces are presented in Table I.
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
54
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
A. Ordóñez, A. Enriquez, and J. Solano,
“A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador”,
Latin-American Journal of Computing (LAJC), vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
TABLE I. RADIATION DATA FROM THE PROVINCES OF ECUADOR
Provinces
Annual
Global
Radiation
kWh/m
2
Provinces
Annual
Global
Radiation
kWh/m
2
Esmeraldas
1,386.45
Zamora
1,252.22
Manabí 1,727.76 Carchi 1,361.59
Santa Elena 1,817.08 Imbabura 1,506.27
Sto. Domingo de
los Tsáchilas
1,251.50 Pichincha 2,212.78
Los Ríos
1,416.49
Cotopaxi
2,135.51
Guayas 1,616.51 Tungurahua 1,746.93
El Oro 1,251.68 Bolívar 1,549.69
Sucumbíos
1,647.94
Chimborazo
1.931.57
Napo 1,262.58 Cañar 1,754.43
Orellana 1,649.27 Azuay 1,752.21
Pastaza
1,653.36
Loja
1,974.33
Morona
Santiago
1,294.65 Galápagos 2,065.73
Once all the requisite data has been gathered, the nominal
photovoltaic (PV) power generated by a 405-watt panel is
calculated. For the purposes of sizing, this panel is employed
as a reference. The estimation of the energy production of the
PV generator is conducted using Equation 10, which permits
the estimation of the energy generated on a daily, monthly or
yearly basis [7].
(10)
Where:
Nominal energy produced per year (kWh);
Nominal power of the PV generator (1 kW/m²);
Average annual incident radiation in the plane of the generator;
Shadow factor (kWh/m²)
;
Performant ratio which is 0.7 or 0.8.
The sizing of the photovoltaic (PV) modules is based on
the monthly daily consumption, as defined in Equation 11.
(11)
Where:
: Annual total consumption;
: Monthly average consumption
The required number of PV modules is determined by the
ratio of the monthly average daily consumption to the energy
produced by a PV module, as shown in Equation 12 [15].
(12)
Where:
: Monthly daily consumption.
Nominal energy produced per year (kWh)
When sizing the inverter, the AC power requirement of the
load must be considered, so that the rated power is 20% higher
than the load requirement. The sum of the power of the
devices to be operated simultaneously is considered. This
sizing can be done using Equation (13) [16]. It is important to
avoid oversizing the inverter so that it operates in optimum
conditions.
(13)
Where:
: is the nominal capacity of the inverter (in kW or kVA),
: is the annual energy generated by the photovoltaic system (in kWh);
is sizing factor, generally ranges between 0.8 and 1.25 depending on
the system and climate conditions).
The following Equation 26 is used to calculate the CO
2
savings [24].
Where:
: is the annual energy generated by the photovoltaic system (in kWh);
: is the CO₂ emission factor of the grid electricity (in kg CO₂/kWh).
III. WEB SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
The website has been developed entirely in Spanish, as its
purpose is to be used as a tool for residents of this country.
The domain chosen was: "www.solecuador.com" and it is
currently active (see Fig. 3.). The design and programming of
the research web tool was based on the use of WordPress, a
software widely recognized as a Content Management
Platform (CMS) due to its ease of use and versatility, which
made it the ideal choice for creating the tool for sizing
photovoltaic systems. Below, there is a clear and concise
presentation of the techniques and steps used to develop the
project.
Fig. 3. Main website interface
A. Conventional and renewable energies
To design and implement a web tool to simulate SFV with
connection to the electricity grid, which allows the technical
and economic analysis of these systems, a MySQL database
was created to store the different data to be used for the sizing
of the system. The design of the database is shown in Fig. 4,
where the organization and structure of the tables, as well as
the relationships between them, can be appreciated.
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
55
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
Fig. 4. Database configuration
One of the outstanding features of the database is its
interactivity. An interface has been developed that allows the
administrator to easily update key data. This includes
information on provinces, solar radiation data, equipment
specifications and the company's electricity tariff, as shown in
Fig. 5. This real-time update capability gives the management
team the flexibility to keep the data up to date and accurate. It
also facilitates adaptation to changing environmental
conditions, such as new regulations or equipment upgrades,
ensuring the continued effectiveness and relevance of the site.
Fig. 5. Administrator interface for updating parameters
For the development of the web pages, the Twenty
Twenty-Two Version: 1.4 theme was used, considering its
relevance for the personalization and aesthetics of the site. The
Akismet Anti-Spam Version 5.2 and Elementor Version
3.14.1 plugins were installed, for spam protection and efficient
visual page creation, respectively. After installing Elementor,
we proceed to edit the web page, addressing the structure,
content and design, either through the visual editor or through
HTML and CSS code. Once the main page is finished, the
creation of the secondary pages begins, adapting the design to
the structure and specific content of each page. Figure 6 shows
the structure of the consumption-based simulator 1, designed
according to equations 11, 12 and 13. This visual
representation illustrates the organization and calculations
required to simulate energy consumption and size the PV
system based on the data provided.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. Design of the secondary side for the calculation of the sizing of
photovoltaic systems based on their consumption. (a) Input screen, (b)
Simulation result
On the other hand, Figure 7 shows the structure of
simulator 2 based on its power output, using equations 10, 12
and 13. This figure shows how the necessary power of the
photovoltaic system is organized and calculated to meet the
defined energy demand.
(a)
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
56
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
A. Ordóñez, A. Enriquez, and J. Solano,
“A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador”,
Latin-American Journal of Computing (LAJC), vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
(b)
Fig. 7. Design of the secondary side for the calculation of the sizing of
photovoltaic systems based on their power. (a) Input screen, (b) Simulation
result
The data for the validation of the tool are taken from
different web simulators, where the calculation was made for
a consumption of 228 kWh, as shown in Table II, where the
percentage difference that exists with each of the tools can be
seen.
TABLE II. DATA TAKEN FROM THE DIFFERENT WEB TOOLS, FOR THE
VALIDATION OF THE TOOL
Provinces
Web tools
Variation
between
systems
Global Solar Atlas
kWh/year
Solecuador
kWh/year
Pichincha 2,522.00 2,850.56 11.52 %
PVGIS
kWh/ year
Solecuador
kWh/ year
Pichincha 2,432.49 2,850.56 14.66 %
Global Solar Atlas
kWh/year
Solecuador
kWh/ year
Guayaquil 3,046.00 3,126.78 2.58 %
PVGIS kWh/year
Solecuador
kWh/ year
Guayaquil
3,034.41
3,126.78
2.071 %
Global Solar Atlas
kWh/year
Solecuador
kWh/ year
Pastaza
3,062.00
3,194.85
4.15 %
PVGIS
kWh/year
Solecuador
kWh/ year
Pastaza
3,037.32
3,194.85
9.93 %
To validate the web tool, real data from three operational
stations currently connected to the electricity grid was used.
Station 1 is in the city of Manta, while stations 2 and 3 are in
the city of Quito. All three stations are fully operational and
monitored by the FRONIUS SolarWeb system. Table III
shows the comparison between the data obtained from the real
systems and the data generated by the tool. There is a
significant difference in the results, since the radiation values
used by the tool are for the period between 2019 and 2020. In
addition, the tool not only provides information on the energy
produced, but also calculates the tons of CO
2
that could be
saved by installing the PV systems.
TABLE III. COMPARISON OF THE DATA OBTAINED FOR THE
VALIDATION OF THE WEB TOOL
PV
Station
Annual
Comsuption
(kWh/year)
PV
Power
(kWp)
PV
Production
(kWh/year)
Solecuador
simulation
(kWh/year)
Variation
Station
1
26,258
8.25
12,549.5
11,696.9
6.79 %
Station
2
22,439
5.23
7,766.6
9,254.6
16.07 %
Station
3
18,846 11.235 15,719.9 19,933.1 21.13 %
C
ONCLUSIONS
The sizing of the developed system is based on the
consideration of several key parameters, such as the solar
radiation at the specific system location, the orientation and
tilt of the solar panels, and the efficiency of the components.
The comprehensive assessment, which includes electricity
consumption as a direct indicator of energy demand, is crucial
in determining the right size of the system, requiring
considered decisions on inverter capacity, panel power and
storage capacity. This approach promotes efficient sizing.
The research highlights the potential of photovoltaic
systems as a sustainable and renewable energy source. The
literature review was not limited to theoretical, technical and
economic aspects, but also addressed fundamental
environmental considerations, such as calculating the amount
of CO
2
that will be avoided by the operation of these systems,
allowing for an effective and sustainable implementation.
Current regulations in Ecuador promote clean, renewable
technologies and energy efficiency, as evidenced by the 2019
Organic Law on Energy Efficiency and specific regulations
such as ARCONEL 057/18, ARCERNNR 001/2021, No.
ARCERNNR-004/23 and No. ARCERNNR-008/23. These
regulations define requirements for photovoltaic generation,
the connection of distributed generation systems and energy
storage, with the aim of effectively regulating the energy
sector and moving towards a more modern, efficient and
sustainable system.
When comparing the results of the Solecuador web tool
with well-known tools such as PVGIS and SOLARGIS,
minimal variation in the performance of PV systems was
observed. However, when compared with data from
operational PV systems, a greater difference in results was
observed, possibly due to the increase in solar radiation in
recent years. For this reason, an option has been implemented
to allow the tool administrator to frequently update the solar
radiation data by province, which will improve the reliability
of the results.
The relevance of the economic factor has been crucial in
the sizing of photovoltaic systems, highlighting key values
such as the cost of energy, the cost of the photovoltaic system
and the cost of installation. The tool has allowed a
comprehensive economic analysis to be carried out,
considering the specific parameters of the Ecuadorian
environment, particularly through the application of cost per
consumption bands. This attention not only optimized the
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
57
DOI:
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
10.5281/zenodo.14449618
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
technical efficiency of the system, but also provided a
comprehensive assessment of the profitability and economic
viability of implementing PV systems.
A
CKNOWLEDGMENT
Anonymous.
R
EFERENCES
[1] A. Louwen and W. Van Sark, “Photovoltaic solar
energy,” in Technological Learning in the Transition
to a Low-Carbon Energy System: Conceptual Issues,
Empirical Findings, and Use, in Energy Modeling,
Elsevier, 2019, pp. 65–86. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-
818762-3.00005-4.
[2] D. P. Keegan, “Viabilidad económica de la
implementación de energía fotovoltaica residencial
en la isla San Cristóbal, Galápagos,” Universidad San
Francisco de Quito, Pto. Baquerizo Moreno, 2021.
[Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/COPETheses.
[3] J. Aguirre, “Análisis de la matriz energética
ecuatoriana y plan de desarrollo energético sostenible
para la ciudad de Machala,” Universidad Politécnica
de Valencia , 2018. Accessed: Nov. 23, 2023.
[Online]. Available:
https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/106306
/P070408412_TFM_1530497609503107799540079
3855203.pdf?sequence=2
[4] L. Maingón, “Estadística Anual y Multianual del
Sector Eléctrico Ecuatoriano,” 2022.
[5] V. Quaschning, Understanding Renewable Energy
Systems, 2nd ed. Alemania: Taylor & Francis, 2016.
[6] D. Domínguez, “Autoconsumo en los sistemas
fotovoltaicos,” Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,
Leganés, 2014.
[7] O. P. Lamigueiro, Energía Solar Fotovoltaica. 2013.
[Online]. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24901282
1
[8] The World Bank, “Mapas de recursos solares y datos
GIS para más de 180 países | Solargis.” Accessed:
Jan. 13, 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://solargis.com/es/maps-and-gis-
data/download/ecuador
[9] G. F. Velasco and E. Cabrera, “Generación solar
fotovoltaica dentro del esquema de generación
distribuida para la provincia de Imbabura,” pp. 1–7,
2009.
[10] J. Jara Alvear, “Potencial solar fotovoltaico del
Ecuador,” 2021. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2023. [Online].
Available: https://www.centrosur.gob.ec/wp-
content/uploads/2021/08/1-20210719-
Solar_FV_AEERE_UDA-Jos%C3%A9-Jara.pdf
[11] ARCERNNR, “Pliego Tarifario Servicio Público de
Energía Eléctrica_ Año 2022,” 2022.
[12] ARCONEL, “Resolución NRO ARCONEL 057-18,”
2018.
[13] ARCERNNR, “Regulación Nro. ARCERNNR-
001_2021,” 2021
[14] ARCERNNR, “REGULACIÓN NRO.
ARCERNNR-004/23,” Quito, 2023.
[15] E. C. Oña and I. Suquillo, “Simulación de un sistema
de generación fotovoltaico aislado para zonas rurales
del Ecuador,” 2020. Accessed: Oct. 25, 2023.
[Online]. Available:
https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/21213/
1/CD%2010735.pdf
[16] Á. Inguil and H. Ortega, “Análisis, modelado y
validación de un sistema fotovoltaico para el
alumbrado vial de la avenida de las Américas,” UPS,
2014.
[17] ARCERNNR, “Resolución ARCERNNR 010/2022,”
2022.
[18] Solargis, “Global solar atlas,” The World Bank
Group. Accessed: Nov. 02, 2023. [Online].
Available: https://globalsolaratlas.info/map
[19] R. Hernández, “Análisis de factibilidad para la
instalación de un sistema de energía limpia mediante
celdas fotovoltaicas para la alimentación eléctrica del
edificio 4 en el ITSLV.,” CIATEQ, Tabasco, 2017.
[20] CONEIMERA, “Dimensionamiento de sistemas
fotovoltaicos,” Puno, 2011. Accessed: Jul. 09, 2023.
[Online]. Available:
https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/1
3622/Dimensionado%20ESF-CONEIMERA.pdf
[21] B. Y. H. Liu and R. C. Jordan, “The interrelationship
and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and
total solar radiation,” Solar Energy, vol. 4, no. 3,
1960, doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1.
[22] J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering
of Thermal Processes: Fourth Edition. 2013. doi:
10.1002/9781118671603.
[23] A. Petros J and E. Fylladitakis, “Performance
evaluation of small scale grid connected
photovoltaic systems in Europe,” p. 485, 2012.
[24] S. Kalogirou, Solar Energy Engineering. 2009. doi:
10.1016/B978-0-12-374501-9.X0001-5.
ISSN:1390-9266 e-ISSN:1390-9134 LAJC 2025
58
LATIN-AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING (LAJC), Vol XII, Issue 1, January 2025
AUTHORS
Ingeniero en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones por la Universidad
Técnica Particular de Loja, tiene una Maestría en Redes de
Comunicaciones por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.
En 2023 obtuvo su Doctorado en Física Aplicada y Tecnología en
la Universidad de Salamanca, con mención de Cum Laude y Premio
Extraordinario. Actualmente es docente de la Universidad Nacional
de Loja en la carrera de Ingeniería en Telecomunicaciones.
Ingeniera en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones por la Universidad
Nacional de Loja, actualmente es investigadora de la Universidad
Nacional de Loja. Es especialista en energías renovables y sistemas
de telecomunicaciones.
Ingeniero en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones por la Universidad
Técnica Particular de Loja, tiene una Maestría en Electromecánica
por la Universidad Nacional de Loja. En 2018 obtuvo su Doctorado
Internacional en Energía Solar Fotovoltaica en el Departamento
de Electrónica Física de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, en
donde obtuvo la mención de Cum Laude. Actualmente es docente
de la Universidad Nacional de Loja en la carrera de Ingeniería en
Telecomunicaciones.
Ángel Ordóñez
Andrea Enriquez
Juan Carlos Solano
A. Ordóñez, A. Enriquez, and J. Solano,
“A web-based tool for the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Ecuador”,
Latin-American Journal of Computing (LAJC), vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
